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Mobile phone positioning technology refers to the technology or service that obtains the location information (latitude and longitude coordinates) of mobile phones through specific positioning technology, marks the position of the positioned object on the electronic map, or uses GPS and base stations to locate mobile phones.. The positioning method based on GPS is to use the GPS positioning module of the mobile phone to send its own position signal to the server to realize the positioning of the mobile phone. Base station positioning is to use the base station to measure the distance and finally determine the location of the mobile phone. The latter does not require mobile phones to have GPS positioning capabilities, but the accuracy depends largely on the density of base stations, and sometimes the error can exceed one kilometer. The former has higher positioning accuracy. In addition, there is a way to use Wifi to locate in a small area.
GSM mobile phone positioning methods can usually be divided into two types: network-based and terminal-based. Technically, it can be divided into three methods: time of arrival (TOA), enhanced measurement time difference (E-OTD) and GPS assistance (A-GPS).
The TOA positioning method can be implemented on any existing mobile phone without any modification to the mobile phone. Specific implementation steps:
The TOA positioning method requires additional hardware (LMU) to achieve the purpose of accurately calculating the arrival time of burst signals. There are many ways to realize it: the LMU can be integrated in the BTS, or it can be used as a separate device. When the LMU is a separate device, it can have a separate antenna, or share the antenna with the BTS, and realize inter-network communication through the air interface.
Specific implementation steps: The E-OTD positioning method is developed from the measurement time difference (OTD). OTD refers to the measured time amount, and E-OTD refers to the measurement method. The mobile phone can get the measurement results without any additional hardware. For a synchronous network, the mobile phone measures the relative arrival time of several BTS signals; for an asynchronous network, the signal also needs to be received by an LMU whose location is known. After determining the signal transmission time from the BTS to the mobile phone, the geometric distance between the BTS and the mobile phone can be determined, and then calculated based on this distance to finally determine the position of the mobile phone. Specific implementation steps:
The implementation steps of the GPS-assisted positioning method are as follows: the GSM network receives the GPS auxiliary information; the GSM network sends the auxiliary information to the mobile phone; the mobile phone obtains the GPS information, calculates and obtains its own precise position; the mobile phone sends the position information to the GSM network. There are two ways: mobile phone-assisted mode and mobile phone-independent mode:
This solution is to transfer most of the functions of the traditional GPS receiver to the network processor. This way requires equipment such as antenna, RF unit and data processor. The GSM network sends a series of very short auxiliary information to the mobile phone, including time, visible satellite list, satellite signal Doppler parameters and code phase search window. These parameters help the built-in GPS module to reduce the GPS signal acquisition time. The auxiliary data comes from the pseudo-range data processed by the GPS module of the mobile phone, and can last for several minutes. After receiving these pseudo-distance data, the corresponding network processor or positioning server can roughly estimate the location of the mobile phone. After the necessary correction is added to the GSM network, the positioning accuracy can be improved.
The handset contains a full-featured GPS receiver with all the functions of a handset, plus satellite position and handset position calculations. At the beginning of the calculation, more data is needed than the mobile phone assistance method, and these data can last for more than 4 hours or be updated as needed, usually including time, reference position, satellite ephemeris and time calibration parameters, etc. If some applications require higher accuracy, it is necessary to continuously (interval about 30s) send differential GPS (DGPS) signals to the mobile phone. The DGPS signal is effective in a very wide geographical range, and a reference receiver can serve a wide geographical range as the center. The final location information is calculated by the phone itself, and this positioning information can be sent to any other application.
In order to speed up the positioning time, most mobile phones will connect to the network, download the auxiliary data of AGPS, and then you can know the current satellite status and which satellites can be received, so that the module can quickly capture the signal for positioning.
Another situation is that many software will request their own location when starting positioning, such as calling the interface to use comprehensive positioning methods, such as base station information, WiFi information, etc., to quickly give you an estimated location, and then go to GPS for positioning. At this time, a network connection will also be generated. In fact, it is also possible to locate without opening the network connection, but it is slower. The mobile phone is normal within 1-2 minutes. Of course, the premise is that there is not much obstruction. With the current development, the positioning method has been integrated. The system interface will quickly provide location information through WiFi, base stations, GPS, etc., and the background will gradually provide higher-precision locations.
In the current situation, there are two main types of features that have this spatial position invariance and are easily acquired by mobile devices:
1. Base station information of mobile communication network
2. WLAN access point information
Therefore, when the base station information and WLAN AP information captured by the mobile device are consistent with the previously captured information, it can be considered that the user should be basically at the same location. If the base station information and WLAN AP information that can be detected in a location are collectively referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum characteristics of the location, and the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum characteristics and coordinates has been recorded in the database before, then the so-called positioning is actually based on the electromagnetic spectrum. The process by which a feature finds spatial coordinates.
The above is to analyze the basic principles of base station and WIFI positioning from a theoretical point of view. From a practical point of view (program developer's point of view), what we need is to use the positioning interface provided by the service provider to send relevant electromagnetic signals to it. Spectrum features to obtain the spatial location of the corresponding features recorded in its database without caring about the algorithm details behind it.
A mobile phone with normal functions can always receive various wireless signals. The "local uniqueness" of these wireless signals is the key prerequisite for the positioning of the device. What is local uniqueness? Let's expand and explain these specific signals and you will know.
A mobile phone can make and receive calls and send and receive text messages, which means that the mobile phone can initiate interaction with nearby base stations and send and receive signals. In particular, for smart phones, the base station ID can also be obtained through the interface of the system. Under normal circumstances, each base station ID is globally unique, so if a base station ID is scanned and we know the location of the base station, we can roughly estimate the location of the device. The premise of making this speculation is that the signal transmission range of a base station is limited. It is impossible for a normal mobile phone to receive the signal of this base station when it is far away from the base station. In textbooks related to wireless communication, when it comes to base station positioning, it always talks about triangulation positioning. A mobile phone can scan the signals of three base stations, so it must be within the common coverage of the three base stations, so the range of calculation is large. zoom out.
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